SCI新手指南 | Introduction
经过前两期的Materials and Methods和Results的简单分享，本周要来说一下小编觉得整个论文结构中最难的一部分Introduction。他可以说众多写作新手的恶梦，究竟该如何写好这一部分，让我们一起来看下。
Introduction
作为论文的第一部分，虽然Introduction的篇幅不算多但其难点在于如何用几句话就把背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作给介绍清楚。一个结构良好的Introduction能立即抓住读者的兴趣，并提供有关论文主题的适当背景信息。这样的段落可能包括对论文正文中要讨论的观点的简要总结，以及与你的论文论点相关的其他信息。
因此Introduction是精心为你的研究论文量身定制的，这也就导致了很多小伙伴看了很多文献，上了很多课程，但是却依然不知道如何写Introduction的原因。
Introduction的写作格式基本是固定的，既从已知到未知，再到你的研究。也就是说，你要从一般性的背景开始，然后很快地把范围缩小到你的具体研究。你要清楚地表达：你最终想要解决的问题是什么? 有解决方案吗? 如果有，什么是最好的解决方案，它的局限性是什么? 你的工作目标是什么?
首先，向读者提供有关论文主题的背景信息，确保背景信息与我们的特定研究直接相关，这一初始部分为读者准备了后面更详细、更具体的信息。
第二，缩小范围，将读者的注意力集中在继续研究特定方面的重要性上。告诉读者必要但未知的信息，未解决的问题，知识差距或先前研究的局限性，目标是向读者展示需要解决的难题的重要缺失部分。
第三，再次缩小范围，关注我们的研究目标，你需要将进一步缩小到具体的假设/问题/目的上。你要做一个目的陈述，你要非常清楚地说：“我们假设（We hypothesize that）”或者“我们想要回答的问题（We wanted to answer the question）”或者“我们的目标（We aimed to）”。使用明确的语言和关键词，因为这样可以帮助读者快速找到你的研究目的。然后，告诉读者你的实验方法。
Introduction部分，一般不超过1页纸（1倍行距），约250–300单词比较适合，有时也可能是更长的（500- 600个字），但是，根据受众和纸张类型，引入的长度可能会有所不同。
建议Introduction部分应占写作稿（不包括抽象和参考文献）的不超过10％-15％，如果Introduction部分超过Results部分长度的2/3，则可能太长。使用较长篇幅的Introduction来补偿有关实际研究的有限数据，这是同行评审员所厌恶的一点。
句子的长度不应超过25-30个单词；在论文中允许最多三到四个30个单词的句子。一个段落的理想大小是3-4个句子（最多5个句子）或75 -150个单词（理想情况下不超过150个单词），段落的最大长度不应超过15行。
Introduction写作常用句式
1、强调研究主题的重要性：
（1）显式重要型
X is fundamental to ...
X has a pivotal role in ...
X is frequently prescribed for ...
X is fast becoming a key instrument in ...
X plays a vital role in the metabolism of ...
X plays a critical role in the maintenance of ...
X is essential for a wide range of technologies.
X can play an important role in addressing the issue of ...
There is evidence that X plays a crucial role in xxx ...
（2）隐式重要型
The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ...
X is a common condition which has considerable impact on ...
Since it was reported in 2002, X has been attracting a lot of interest.
Recently, a considerable literature has grown up around the theme of ...
Evidence suggests that X is among the most important factors for ...
In the history of xxx, X has been thought of as a key factor in ... Xs are one of the most widely used groups of Y and have been extensively used for ...
2、强调这个领域研究者和相关工作较少：
XXX had been a largely under explored domain(under 表否定、下等)
Too little work has been devoted to
3、强调当前研究中存在的困难
One of the main obstacles ...
One of the greatest challenges ...
A key issue is the safe disposal of ...
The main disadvantage of X is that ...
X is associated with increased risk of ...
It is now well established that X can impair ...(impair 损害)
X has led to the declines in the populations of ...
X is a growing public xxx concern in xxx.
X is one of the most frequently stated problems with ...
The main challenge faced by many experiments is the ...
Lack of X has existed as a xxx problem for many years.
X is a major public problem, and the main cause of ...
Xs are one of the most rapidly declining groups of insects in ...
X is the leading cause of death in xxx.
Despite its long success, X has a number of problems in use.
There is increasing concern that some
Xs are being disadvantaged ...
There is an urgent need to address the
safety problems caused by ...
Questions have been raised about the safety of the prolonged use of ...
The prevalence of X is increasing at an alarming rate in all age groups.
Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
Along with this growth in X, however, there is increasing concern over ...
X is increasingly recognised as a serious, worldwide public concern.
X and its consequences are an important, but understudied, cause for concern.
4、强调研究中存在的困难还可以用如下说法
(注意加一些转折副词，however， nevertheless...)：
X may cause ...
X is limited by ...
X suffers from ...
X is too expensive to be used for ...
X has accentuated the problem of ...
The performance of X is limited by ...
X could be a contributing factor to ...
the synthesis of X remains a major
challenge.
X can be extremely harmful to xxx.
Research has consistently shown that X lacks ...
A major problem with this kind of application is ...
The determination of X is technically challenging.
Current methods of X have proven to be unreliable.
These rapid changes are having a serious effect on ...
X can be adversely affected under certain conditions.
Observations have indicated a serious decline in the population of ...
5、强调研究的价值和意义
This research sheds new light on ...
This study provides new insights into ...
The study offers some important insights into ...
The present study fills a gap in the literature by ...
Understanding the link between X and Y will help ...
The present research explores, for the first time, the effects of ...
The findings should make an important contribution to the field of ....
This study provides an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of ...
This study aims to contribute tothis growing area of research by exploring ...
Therefore, this study makes a major contribution to research on X by demonstrating ...
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